Method to Determine the Distribution of Substituted or Intercalated Ions in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides: Fe<inf>x</inf>VSe<inf>2</inf>and Fe<inf>1- x</inf>V<inf>x</inf>Se<inf>2</inf>

Multiple techniques are combined to determine the amount of intercalation and/or substitution in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Kiessig fringes in the X-ray reflectivity pattern are used to calculate thickness. Laue oscillations in the specular diffraction pattern of the crystallographically aligned samples determine the number of unit cells in the coherently diffracting domains. The amount of impurity phase(s) is estimated by the difference between the thickness of the films and the size of the domains. If the difference is small relative to the total film thickness, the composition of the crystalline phase can be determined from X-ray fluorescence measurements. The number of unit cells possible can be calculated from the amount of each element determined by X-ray fluorescence measurements using in-plane lattice parameters, and the amount of the anion should agree with the number of unit cells determined from the Laue oscillations. The total amount of the metal relative to that required for the number of unit cells from the Laue oscillations provides a direct determination of the relative amount of intercalation and/or substitution in the crystalline dichalcogenide. The utility of this approach is illustrated in FexV1-ySe2samples. The relative amount of intercalation versus substitution was determined independently using electron microscopy and Rietveld refinement of diffraction patterns and is consistent with this new approach.