Phase evolution and structural modulation during in situ lithiation of MoS<inf>2</inf>, WS<inf>2</inf> and graphite in TEM

Li-ion batteries function by Li intercalating into and through the layered electrode materials. Intercalation is a solid-state interaction resulting in the formation of new phases. The new observations presented here reveal that at the nanoscale the intercalation mechanism is fundamentally different from the existing models and is actually driven by nonuniform phase distributions rather than the localized Li concentration: the lithiation process is a ‘distribution-dependent’ phenomena. Direct structure imaging of 2H and 1T dual-phase microstructures in lithiated MoS2 and WS2 along with the localized chemical segregation has been demonstrated in the current study. Li, a perennial challenge for the TEM, is detected and imaged using a low-dose, direct-electron detection camera on an aberration-corrected TEM and confirmed by image simulation. This study shows the presence of fully lithiated nanoscale domains of 2D host matrix in the vicinity of Li-lean regions. This confirms the nanoscale phase formation followed by Oswald ripening, where the less-stable smaller domains dissolves at the expense of the larger and more stable phases.